<aside> 💠 基因操作三个层次：kockin —— BAC —— cis elements

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Knock-in Mice vs. Transgenic Mice – What You Need to Know

• knock-in mice are designed to help scientists explore the possibilities of what might happen when a particularly targeted gene’s function is inactivated, genetic impairment in transgenic mice is more randomized.
• transgenic models use what is called “random integration”. researchers have very little control over where the desired gene actually ends up within the host genome.
• [ ] It’s important to note that both in transgenic and knock-in mouse models, the species from which the foreign genetic material comes from can differ from that of the original mouse. There is no reason why the new gene should be “compatible” with the mouse, so the level of freedom and accuracy associated with knock-ins is quite impressive. Theories that can now be proven as true or false could not even have been explored before knock-in mice became prominent.

<aside> 🧩 转基因：transgene, Tg

1. TgH：同源重组
2. TgR：经逆转录病毒载体感染的插入
3. TgN： 非同源插入。

转入的基因放在圆括号中，不用斜体转入报告基因或者重组酶系统（例如，GFP，lacZ，cre）时，因表达的组织特异性不同，应该在转入基因前表示启动子，比如Tg(Zp3-cre)

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<aside> 🧩 基因敲除

可以分别用加、减号上标来表示 wildtype allele 与 mutant allele：

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<aside> 🧩 基因敲入

将敲入的元件写在上标里，例如：

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<aside> 🧩 条件性基因敲除

将 flox 作为上标表示，比如：

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