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蛋白质胶体稳定的因素

①蛋白质颗粒在非等电状态下,带同种电荷,互相排斥,不致聚集而沉淀

②蛋白质表面极性基团形成的**水膜(水化层)**将蛋白质颗粒彼此隔开,阻止其相互聚集而沉淀

(一)利用溶解度差别的纯化方法

方法:通过改变pH、离子强度或加入有机试剂,促进蛋白质分子的凝聚进而形成沉淀。

沉淀法:1、盐析法 2、有机溶剂沉淀法 3、等电点沉淀法

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(二)根据分子大小不同的纯化方法

蛋白质的分子大小主要取决于蛋白质肽链的数目及每条肽链的氨基酸残基数目

方法:1、透析 2、超过滤 3、凝胶过滤 4、离心

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(三)根据带电性质分离的方法

原理:蛋白质的净电荷取决于氨基酸残基所带正、负电荷总和。若天冬氨酸和谷氨酸占优势,在pH 7.0时带净负电荷,称为酸性蛋白质。若赖氨酸和精氨酸占优势,在pH 7.0时带净正电荷,称为碱性蛋白质。 **方法:电泳, 离子交换层析(**略)

毛细管电泳

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(四)根据特异亲和力分离的方法 - - 亲和层析

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亲和层析是利用蛋白质分子对其配体分子专一性识别并结合的特性(抗原-抗体,酶-底物/抑制剂,激素-受体)也即生物学亲和力,建立起来的一种有效的纯化方法。

将与目标蛋白质专一性结合的配体固定于支持物上,当混合样品流过此支持物时,只有目 标蛋白能与配体专- -性结合,而其他杂蛋白不能结合。先用结合缓冲液洗脱杂蛋白,然后 改变洗脱条件,将目标蛋白洗脱下来

亲和层析经常只需要经过一步的处理即可将某种所需蛋白质从复杂的混合物中分离出来,并且纯度相当高,纯化效率比其他层析方法可能高出一两个数量级。

配体的分类

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常用于 基因工程- - 选用蛋白

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