生物膜（Biomembrane）：细胞所有的膜结构，包括细胞质膜（Plasma Membrane）和细胞内膜（Internal Membrane）。

• 界膜和区室化
• 功能定位与组织化
• 调节运输
• 信号检测与传递
• 参与细胞间的相互作用
• 能量转换

1. Define the boundaries of the cell and its organelles.
2. Serve as loci for specific functions.
3. provide for and regulate transport processes.
4. contain the receptors needed to detect external signals.
5. provide mechanisms for cell-to-cell contact, communication and adhesion

<aside> 💡 细胞膜的功能

1. 为细胞的生命活动提供相对稳定的内环境
2. 选择性的物质运输，包括代谢底物的输入与代谢产物的排出，其中伴随着能量的传递
3. 提供细胞识别位点，并完成细胞内外信息跨膜传递；
4. 为多种酶提供结合位点，使酶促反应高效而有序地进行；
5. 介导细胞与细胞、细胞与基质之间的连接
6. 质膜参与形成具有不同功能的细胞表面特化结构。 </aside>

A. PM define the boundaries of the cell and organelles.

B. Compartmentalization: membranes form continuous sheets that enclose intracellular compartments.

C. Transporting solutes: membrane proteins facilitate the movement of substances between compartments.

D. Responding to external signals: membrane receptors transduce signals from outside the cell in response to specific ligands.

E. Intercellular interaction: membrane mediate recognition and interaction between adjacent cells by cell-to-cell communication and junction.

F. Locus for biochemical activities: membrane provide a scaffold that organizes enzymes for effective interaction.

G. Energy transduction: membranes transduce photosynthetic energy, convert chemical energy to ATP, and store energy in ion and solute gradients.